What Art Is and How Art Should Contribute To Society an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

What Art Is and How Art Should Contribute To Society? Undoubtedly, art is a very multifaceted concept, which has many different meanings. Art can be defined as a number of forms (ex. music, poetry, cinema, sculpture and others), which help to express human mind, feelings, vision, imagination, etc. Also, art means applying a persons talents, skills or abilities in a creative manner to reflect his or her personal apprehension and perception of the reality. Finally, art is an important element of any national culture, which accumulates spiritual and aesthetic values of the nation. Need essay sample on "What Art Is and How Art Should Contribute To Society?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab specialists: Who wants to write paper for me? Essay writers suggest: If You Think About Someone To Write Your Paper - Essaylab The Right Place! Essay Company Cheap Essays Online Custom Essay Writing Service Reviews Make Money Writing Papers For Students It is impossible to underestimate the significance of art and its influence on our social life and personal development. As a cultural phenomenon, art plays valuable role in social evolution as a reflection of all historical eras and epochs. Certainly, another principal function of art is educative. It helps to broaden ones outlook, to understand human life, to develop creative thinking, and so on. In the article What is Art?, Shelley Essak says that "Art is something that makes us more thoughtful and well-rounded humans." (Essak, n.d.) First of all, art should contribute to society by giving any individual an opportunity of free expression of any personal exclusive idea or feeling. At any time and place, people should be able to turn to art in order to express their views and thoughts without any pressure or fear for retribution. Besides, art is a universal language that helps to establish strong interconnections between people of different ethnic and cultural groups, uniting them with each other and creating global chain of harmony. Art is everything that surrounds us in our daily life. It enters our homes from TV screens or other mass media, and it can be appreciated in cinema theaters, galleries or exhibitions. "Art is something that is both functional and (hopefully) aesthetically pleasing to our eyes," Shelly Essak underlines (Essak, n.d.). Therefore, to my mind, the main contribution of art to our life is bringing more positive emotions and inspiration, encouraging people to be more optimistic, understanding, kind and hopeful. Bibliography: Essak, S. (n.d.). What Is Art? About: Art History. About, Inc. A Part of New York Times Company.

Public Nudity Essays - Nudity, Public Nudity, Civil Disobedience

Public Nudity Essays - Nudity, Public Nudity, Civil Disobedience Public Nudity Recently, people have showed concern about the fact that women are allowed to roam around topless in the streets of Toronto, and there is no question that some people find public nudity offensive. However, whether people should be offended is debatable; their reaction is often closer to confusion or embarrassment. The human body deserves to be shown and respected both for its beauty and its so-called imperfections. In the appropriate places and situations, public nudity can be comfortable, healthy and can ultimately break social barriers, which hinder communication between people. There are appropriate times and places for anyone who would like to roam around nude. Exposing oneself in the city might not be a good idea. It could lead to sexual harassment or legal consequences. But what is wrong with people expressing themselves at a local park, beach or on their own front lawn? Anyone who has spent any amount of time in ill-fitting, uncomfortable clothing knows how good it feels when clothing is not being worn. Clothing is, by nature, something foreign to the body, and its presence is always known to the wearer. Clothing does have some practical uses. It keeps us warm from the harsh conditions of the environment and protects us when doing dangerous work. Clothes do not exist to hide our bodies. There is a tremendous feeling of freedom when nude. Once you have been swimming nude, you'll never understand why anyone would ever want to wear clothes in the water. Medical research has shown that clothing can be unhealthy in certain situations. For example, evidence supports the hypothesis that wet, clingy swimsuits can constrict the flow of bodily fluids. Eliminate the swimsuit, and you've eliminated that problem. Furthermore, it is beneficial to ones mental health to be expressive. In a free society, people should be free to express themselves and do what they want as long as their freedom doesnt impede the freedom of others, endanger them, or remove their fundamental rights. Nudity breaks a lot of social barriers that have hindered communication between people, because there are no Armani suits, no gang colors, no uniforms, or social trends to define ones social status. Present Canadian law indicates that it is not an offence to be nude on an isolated beach. Yet, this suggests that when nude, a person is no longer fit to be seen, and should be separated from others. Surely, this is a prejudicial point of view. Nudity also takes away the artificial inhibitions that society has forced upon us when we were born. If you think about it, the parts that we cover are arbitrary. It has been suggested that we cover the genital area because of its sexual nature. In fact, an equally sexual body part is the lips. Nevertheless, people walk around exposing their lips without causing mass arousal. Many people find public nudity offensive. Too much emphasis is put on the perfect body by a clothing-obsessed society. Most people know that almost no one has a perfect body, and that beauty can be found in bodies of all shapes, sizes, colors, and ages many of them with the scars of life. Nudity is the means to the goal of body acceptance. When nude, the full beauty of the human body is exposed, creating pride in what you've got and reducing the desire for what you havent got. Public nudity can be appealing to some people but not for others. People have to start to realize that we are all naked underneath and there is no shame in that. Whether nudity can break some of the social barriers or not, it all comes down to this; being nude is comfortable, healthy and most of all, its fun!

Reading Interaction Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reading Interaction Journal - Essay Example He refers to this feeling as the ‘delusion of reprieve’. According to Victor it becomes easy for an outsider to get the wrong conception of the prison life, a conception that is mingled with sentiment and pity (Pg. 4). A constant danger of death threatened the life of prisoners, and the closeness of death affect the hopelessly borne individual to be affected psychologically. The first group of the prisoners did not few the threat of death or the fume chambers. Being in the prison the thought to commit suicide of the threat of death lost meaning and the mention of chambers lost their horrors (Pg.36-37. The quotes from this book can tell you how traumatic the life in prison must have been. The use of transport to move prisoners to another camp was just a simple guess that the final destination of that transport was the chambers. A selection of the sick and weak prisoners would be done and sent to one of the big central camp which was fitted with gas chambers and crematoriu ms (Pg. 4). I believed these prisoners went through a lot of traumatic experience that it is difficult and stressful to talk about. Like for the case of transport a definite of prisoners had to be taken, it didn’t matter since each of them was nothing but numbers. With the thought of coming trip there was no time to behave morally, the only thought that crossed the prisoners mind was to find another number to replace him for the sake of family waiting for him back at home. The food that the prisoners were being fed was horrible bits of small amounts of bread and watery soup. The water that they used for bathing was not good and without nourishment, their bodies started to crack and that made even harder for the prisoners to survive the camp. The prisoner’s life is described to be in two faces. The fear of death and chamber being the first face of their stay. Victor goes ahead and narrates about the second face of prisoner’s life. The second face is where the pri soners were assigned jobs according your number. Some worked as doctors while others did the hard labour like digging the tunnels, trenches and laying trucks for railway line. The works done by the prisoners did not go unrewarded, Frankl, says that they were presented with ‘premium coupons’, which were issued by the construction firms to which the prisoners were practically sold as slaves in exchange of pay to the prison authorities a fixed price per day, per prisoner. After the initial shock of tortured had subsidized, numbness overcome prisoners, where they can be beaten to death and they don’t even bat an eye. Frankl recalls his time while taking care of a typhoid patients, he would watch people die horrible death hour after hour and he would not experience any emotional problems or upset. Prisoners used the emotional control as their form of self-defence which channelled all their emotions to one objective, survive. He categorises the stay in prison in three phases, the period of admission, period when he is well entrenched in camp routine, and the period following his release and liberation. Shock is feature that happens during the phase of admission and sometimes it precedes the admission phase. During admission phase the transportation system is always the poor one and nearly everyone in the transport were delusional that the situation will change and everything will be well. The never realise to find the

Research Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Method - Essay Example 6. When a financial organization decides to take part in financing activities, there are a number of risks that the move. The risks include political risks and foreign exchange risk. The risks make it difficult for the institution to maintain reliable and constant revenue. 7. Paying the amount in three months’ time may be reached at if the paying company is capable of availing the amount in three months’ time. Financial ability is the main contributes much to the financing action. The bank would prefer the payment to be made in twelve months since the longer the bank transacts the payment, the higher the bank interest earned (Pratt, 2011). 8. Once the USASuperCars accepts the HSBC’s offer, the risk will lie on the financial institution too. The bank, on the other hand, may gain or lose depending on the exchange rates. The probability of the bank making a loss are minimal because HSBC native currency is in sterling pounds which are stronger that the dollars. 9. The fixed sum of money is about $2,150,000 without exchange rate risk while HSBC has 29% chance to lose and 5% chance to gain more than $200,000. Analyzing the information keenly, the exchange rate is risky to HSBC. The bank is either going to generate a profit of five percent of the loss of about twenty-nine percent. Â  I am writing this report to make financial decisions for Corvette Company, which sells luxury sports cars to various countries in the world. The company is situated in the United States and deals with a unique brand of cars. The good reputation of the company has seen it move far ahead of other car selling companies. The success of the company is due to coordination between different departments. The managing board makes decisions that have seen Corvette retain it unbeaten reputation in the entire globe. Good quality and affordable produce are indeed the pushing force behind its success (Guffey & Loewy, 2013). I will analyze the financial risks,

Organizational Restructuring, Changes in Strategic Management, Essay

Organizational Restructuring, Changes in Strategic Management, Deregulation in T-Mobile - Essay Example The service sector in the United States that T-Mobile is breaking into has been growing consistently with an urbanizing global market in terms of providing services, and the dependence is necessary to focus upon in terms of putting the consumer first. Management seems to reflect this through the strengths of planning for customer service and effective target marketing. T-Mobile management must act in a very dynamic and competitive industry. The United States also occupies a strong position in the services market and has many advantages in this sector because international companies are becoming used to an atmosphere of deregulation that has expanded domestically. This allows corporations to take more advantage of being agents of change in previously regulated industries, in which products and services are now subject to the laws of supply and demand rather than the laws of the government. Therefore the company’s product strategy revolves around the provision of cell-phones and cell-phone services in this competitive environment, with an eye on the future of Wi-Fi, which seems to show effective managerial planning. T-Mobile managers have also shown strengths of organizing in a deregulated market and adapting to quick changes. Deregulation required that established companies to offer open access to communications channels instead of charging competitors or denying them access and thus eliminated this entry barrier in the telecommunications industry. In the second barrier, that of cost disadvantages independent of scale, an established company may have proprietary rights to certain technologies which make it difficult or impossible for a competitor to gain a real foothold in the industry. These types of situations can sometimes be handled legally, but this is not cost-effective for the company just starting out in the market. An established  competitor could also simply have so much experience in an industry that it is able to outdistance competitors and potential entrants on this virtue alone.

The communist ideology

The communist ideology The main events of the latter half of the 20th Century remain a topic of intense debate with the reasoning behind these events still a source of speculation. This essay will examine the key events in Soviet Foreign policy through the four leaders of the period between 1945-1991; Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev and Gorbachev and will be contrasted against the teachings of Communist ideology in an effort to determine whether ideology had greater influence in the foreign policy decisions made by said leaders or if state interests played a more significant role. Marxism-Leninism was the ideology of the Soviet Union. Thus, Marxist-Leninist ideas influenced foreign policy. For a Marxist-Leninist, the world is divided into classes rather than individual states and in strict Communist doctrine, the key objective of foreign policy was the ultimate achievement of world revolution by the proletariat. As a result, Marxist-Leninism has no theory of international relations. It was well expressed by Trotsky[1] when he was appointed Peoples Commissar for Foreign Affairs in 1917, I will issue a few revolutionary proclamations to the peoples of the world and then shut up shop. Revolution would displace the state system and end the need for diplomacy. On the other hand, failure of a world-wide revolution to take place meant that the sate interests of the USSR quickly acquired great importance for Soviet foreign policy-makers. The Soviet Union increasingly turned to building a Communist society at home, believing that strengthening Communism within the USSR was the way to ensure a Communist society outside of its borders: Socialism in One Country, and that once strengthened, the Soviet Union would prove strong enough to lead the whole world to Socialism. There are other Marxist-Leninist ideas that strongly influenced foreign policy, one of which was the necessary antagonistic nature of Communism towards Capitalist states, which Stalin strongly believed would inevitably lead to war[2]. Related to this idea was the concept of correlation of forces the Russian equivalent to our balance of power- where the overall strength of capitalism was measured against communism. The idea that capitalism suffered from such profound contradictions; states competing for resources, economic problems, led Communists to believe that their system would prevail and therefore were always on the look out for the correlation of forces to change in their favour. It also reinforced the effect of the Leninist conception of imperialism. Lenin held the view that war would bring the prospect of revolution as the ruling classes became demoralised by the burdens placed by war on the states concerned and the working classes plummeted into misery. As previously mentioned, communism was not adverse to war if the outcome would be revolution. This was a belief strongly held by Lenin. Alternatively, Stalin, was more interested in war that served his interest. An example of which is the Second World War officially known in the Soviet Union as The Second Great Patriotic War. He reasoned that World War I was brought about by capitalists, who inflicted damage and destruction on each other, but is seen as positive as it led to the emergence of the USSR. After the Second World War, the USSR was left absolutely devastated, the class struggle also had to be balanced with the desire of the Soviet population for peace so that they and their country could recover. Soviet leaders were aware of this desire, which tempered any revolutionary ardour they may have felt. Nevertheless the years to follow were also years of great triumph for the USSR. The destruction of the German army meant the USSR was the only great European military power, had b ecome a permanent member of the UN Security Council, and it had broken out of the capitalist encirclement of having allied states on its borders. Stalin sought to increase Soviet power beyond what the Tzars had accomplished now that he had Communist ideology driving him. He was the dominant creator of Soviet foreign policy, the subject of which remains under dispute by several historians. One such historian, LeFeber entertained the notion that (Stalin) displayed a realism, a careful calculation of forces, and a diplomatic finesse that undercut any attempt to explain away his actions as paranoia[3], while another criticises Stalins foreign policy as inexplicable in its parts as incoherent in its whole[4]. It has been argued that Stalins foreign policy from 1945 onwards was a direct result of material interests and power play with the United States of America, that the USA was now perceived as Glavny Protivnik (greatest adversary) and that Stalin was scared of war because of its strength. The exact origins of the Cold War remain under dispute, even with new archival evidence from former Eastern-bloc states. The role to which Stalins foreign policy played in the build up to the Cold War can be categorised in a small number of groups. The orthodox view, which entertained Stalins aggressive and expansionist policy, his desired expansion along all of the USSRs borders from the Pacific to the Atlantic, which can be argued to be in following with Marxist-Leninist theories of expansion[5], even though he permitted discussion on what governments could be formed within newly acquired states. It is interesting to note that Stalins aggressive and expansionist policy has been attributed to his own declining mental health. He had even been diagnosed, albeit incorrectly, in 1927 as a paranoid schizophrenic nevertheless this diagnosis was proved to be inaccurate. The revisionist view, perceived by Marxist and Marxist-Leninist historians, depicted the USA as an aggressive power, to t heir own people and others around the globe, imposing its empire on an unwilling world, ignoring the security interests of the Soviet Union and conforming to the classic Leninist model of Imperialism.[6] This view gained credibility later in the 1960s, partly owing to the Vietnam War. Other historians, not Marxist in inspiration, claim that the USA wanted to establish an economic system across the globe which would promote trade and economic growth from which the USA would benefit. Separate to the ideological views is the notion that the conflict was inevitable and thus both superpowers were responsible for it. That the Cold War was the natural result of a situation in which two superpowers with differing ideologies remained. Tactically speaking, the USSR had only three strategic enemies, of which Japan and Germany had been defeated and China was embroiled in a civil war. In addition, the Soviet Union had the largest army with mobilised resources, it was also geographically the larg est country in the world. The USA on the other hand was a massive economic power and its population had not been morally exhausted by recent war nor were they at odds with their own government. The resulting clash between the two would turn into a global disaster. At this time, it appears Stalin preferred to avoid a military confrontation with the USA and having determined that military probes into Europe would be too hazardous, Stalin sought to expand Soviet influence into regions where there would be less risk of confrontation with the USA and so he turned to Asia[7]. After repeatedly denying approval of North Korean leader Kim Il Sungs proposed military attack of South Korea, the Soviet Union unexpectedly began secretly providing large technological and military assistance to North Korea. This U-turn decision has been cited by both Gaddis and Westad to support their assertion that Marxism-Leninism was of crucial importance in Soviet foreign policy[8]. Westad also provided another theory to Stalins unexpected decision change in that Stalin had seen Mao Zedongs Chinese Communist victory and had been unnerved by it. Stalin therefore gave approval for the attack on South Korean when he realised his rival in Mao would support North Korea with Stalin or without and Stalin did not want to appear less revolutionary than Mao[9]. Regardless of the ideological reasons, be it enthusiasm in response to Maos ambitions or jealousy and an attempt to outmanoeuvre Mao by condoning North Korea, even an avoidance of the USA to prevent a catastrophic war, it is indic ated that ideology was a factor in Stalins foreign policy involvement in Asia. Stalin died in March 1953. He was succeeded by a collective leadership with Nikita Khrushchev soon emerging as the main figure. The new leaders quickly realised that changes in foreign policy were necessary; the main reason for this being the arms race which was now becoming more prominent in world events. In 1952, the USA had detonated the worlds first thermonuclear device followed in 1953 with the USSR testing its first hydrogen bomb. In the years that followed, both powers created and tested various delivery systems for these new weapons that resulted for the USSR in the creation of Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) which had the range to strike the USA. Khrushchev called these weapons the Gods of War[10]. The realisation of the enormous power of these new weapons caused Stalins successors to abandon key principles of Marxist-Leninist ideology. The precept of the inevitability of war between capitalism and communism, which in Stalins eyes, would be won by communism, had t o be discarded as a conflict would result in the mutual assured destruction of both the capitalist and communist states. In addition, the principle of revolution that, although perceived as inevitable and the only way to a Communist society according to Marxist-Leninist doctrine, could now be the cause of a war that would also end in complete devastation for the warring states and thus it was at the 20th Party Congress in 1956 that a set of initiatives were launched which came to be known as destalinization which established a policy of long-term peaceful cooperation with the capitalist world. The superpowers had inadvertently become partners, with the incentive to prevent thermonuclear war. Although there initially appeared to be a change of direction from Marxist-Leninist doctrine there were still elements of it that were pursued even with the new initiatives in place. The Party leadership was quick to introduce the idea that a peaceful transition to Socialism was still very much possible. The changes to foreign policy included the commencement of armistice talks in areas of conflict, for example, the Korean war. The Soviet regime also attempted to strengthen its satellite states in the bloc and draw them closer to the USSR. This all culminated in 1955 with the creation of the Warsaw Treaty Organisation. In addition, a massive amount of economic and technical assistance was given to the communist nation of the Peoples Republic of China. This assistance has been described as the greatest transfer of technology in world history[11]. The regime also encouraged trading and other forms of communication with the Western world, it opened up to tourism, Soviet citizens were pe rmitted for the first time to visit other states not in the Eastern bloc of which the reverse was also the same. Stalin, would have avoided this as, in his view, it would have potentially opened up the USSR to hostile foreign influences. Competing ideological tendencies and institutional interests allied with Khrushchevs own over-ambition in foreign policy were the prime factors resulting in his fall from power in 1964[12]. During the Khrushchev years, Brezhnev had supported the process of destalinisation but as soon as he became leader, Brezhnev changed direction and reverted to a more regressive, Stalin-type attitude, even taking the title General Secretary, which Stalins held until 1952. Brezhnevs overriding aims were to ensure the primacy of the USSR in the world communist movement. Establish strategic parity in the US and on that basis, to secure western acceptance of the post-war order in Europe while extending Soviet power in the developing world[13]. The first foreign policy crisis of the Brezhnev regime occurred in 1968 when reforms began sweeping through Czechoslovakia, initiated by leader Alexander Dubcek, that posed the reduction of importance of the ruling Communist party. The Soviet leadership attempted to limit the impact of Dubceks reforms through negotiation but their efforts proved in vain. Soon after, Soviet and Eastern bloc troops invaded Czechoslovakia tasked with restoring it to Marxist-Leninist doctrine. This became known as the Brezhnev Doctrine.[14] The doctrine was used to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and also used to put an end to liberalisation efforts that had the potential to disrupt Soviet control within the Eastern bloc. The concerns of the Soviet Union fit an ideology based explanation of Soviet actions. It is interesting to note that while the western states heavily criticised the invasion, they were unable to challenge the Soviet military force in Europe without risking nuclear war. The events surrounding the collapse of Communism and the relatively quiet dissolution of the Soviet Union can be attributed to the euphemistically named Sinatra Doctrine. It was the name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used to describe his new policy of allowing the eastern bloc Warsaw Pact nations to determine their own affairs. This was a complete change of direction from the Brezhnev Doctrine which tightly monitored and controlled the internal affairs of the satellite states. For Wohlforth, once Gorbachev was in office, his perception of the USSRs relative decline grew steadily more pessimistic. He had to accept retreat after retreat from the Soviets great power commitments, which let to the sudden end of the Cold War[15]. Gorbachev had many issues facing him, one of which was the prevention of anti-Soviet violence from breaking out. Previously, any dissident uprising would have been resolved by military intervention, however if a crisis erupted now, then a massive amount of military intervention would be necessary. It was decided that Soviet policy should aim to achieve two basic goals: avoid direct military intervention at any cost[16] and for the rapid transition to a new political order to be achieved peacefully. Gorbachev obviously could not see that the changes he initiated would lead to the demise of the Soviet bloc, it can be argued that he was depending on like-minded leaders to emerge from the Communist groups in Eastern Europe.[17] The question of whether communist ideology played a role in the transformation of Soviet policy still remains. If Gorbachev had decided to maintain the orthodox Communist rule in the Soviet bloc and enforce the Brezhnev doctrine, the Soviet army would have ensured his success. It appears that it was Gorbachevs own choices, on domestic priorities and a desire to lay to rest all remnants of Stalinism'[18] that led the Soviet Union down the path to disintegration. While it is undeniable that the ideological differences of Capitalism and Marxism-Leninism provided the Cold War with a catalyst, it is not outside the realm of possibility that differences between the two superpowers left in the power vacuum after the Second World War would not have provided the fuel to ignite the conflict themselves. Some of the specific policies adopted by the Soviet leaders could have just as easily been pursued by a non-communist government responding to a tense global situation, however that does not mean ideology had no relevance. It appears that the USSRs state interests were themselves influenced by Communist ideology and thus influenced the foreign policy decisions of the leadership. Bibliography Craig Nation, R. Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1921 (1992) Fink, C., Junker, D. Gassert, P. (eds) The World Transformed :1968 (1998) Gaddis, J.L. The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War (1983) Khrushchev, S. N Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 1: Commissar, 1918-1945 (2000) Kramer, M. Ideology and the Cold War Review of International Studies (1999) Kramer, M. (ed.) The Collapse of the Soviet Union (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, (2000) LaFeber, W America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945-1992. Rosser, R.F. Introduction to Soviet Foreign Policy (1969) Taubman, W, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (2003) Tompson, W. The Soviet Union under Brezhnev (2003) K zasedaniyu Politbyuro 6/X-88 g. 6 October 1988 (secret), reproduced in Tsena svobody: Refornatsiya Gorbacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika (Moscow: Rossika-Zevs, 1993) Westad, O.A. Cold War and Revolution: Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the Chinese Civil War, 1944-1946 Wohlforth, W. Realism and the End of the Cold War. International Security, 19:3 (1994/5) Craig Nation, R. Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1921 (1992) p.1 Rosser, R.F. Introduction to Soviet Foreign Policy (1969) p.74 LaFeber, W America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945-1992. p.20. Westad, O.A. Cold War and Revolution: Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the Chinese Civil War, 1944-1946, p.55 Rosser, Introduction p.80 Gaddis, J.L. The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War (1983) p.172 Kramer, M. Ideology and the Cold War Review of International Studies (1999) p.542-543 Kramer, Ideology p.541 Kramer, Ideology p.542 Khrushchev, S. N Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 1: Commissar, 1918-1945 (2000) Taubman, W, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (2003) p.337 Tompson, W. The Soviet Union under Brezhnev (2003) p.28 Tompson, W. The Soviet Union under Brezhnev (2003) p.28 Fink, C., Junker, D. Gassert, P. (eds) The World Transformed :1968 (1998) p.163-8 Wohlforth, W. Realism and the End of the Cold War. International Security, 19:3 (1994/5) p.109 K zasedaniyu Politbyuro 6/X-88 g. 6 October 1988 (secret), reproduced in Tsena svobody: Refornatsiya Gorbacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika (Moscow: Rossika-Zevs, 1993) p.368 Kramer, Ideology p.569 Kramer, M. (ed.) The Collapse of the Soviet Union (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000)

Georges Braque Essay -- essays research papers

Georges Braque was a French painter born on May 13, 1882, in Argenteuil-sur-Seine, near Paris. He grew up there and in the city of Le Havre where he studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He began developing his painting skills while working for his father as a house decorator. By 1900 he moved to Paris to purse the study of painting as fine art. In his early works Braques’ style was early impressionism. It wasn’t until a few years later when he was influenced in the works of well known artists such as Matisse, Derain, Cezanne, and exspecially Picasso. Braque meeting Picasso was only the beginning of a huge turning point in his artistic development. Both Picasso and Braque began to work closely together. The two of them began to develop a similar approach in painting and invented analytic cubism. Cubism is a style known for geometric shapes that are seen thorough multiple viewpoints. Both artists produced paintings of neutralized colors and complex patterns. They worked so closely together that many pieces of their work look almost identical. In many instances only experts can distinguish Braque’s paintings from Picasso’s. Later, they both began to experiment with collage. Collage is a technique of constructing images from everyday life materials such as newspapers, labels, and pieces of fabric. In 1914, Braque enlisted in the French army. During World War I he had gotten severely wounded in the head and was discharged from the army. He went back home to Paris to resume his a...

Immobilization of Amylase on Magnetic Nanoparticles Essay

Abstract ÃŽ ±-amylase was immobilized covalently on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles was done by the coprecipitation conventional method. The chemical composition and particle size of the synthesized particles was confirmed via X-ray diffraction. Tyrosine, Lucien and chitosan and glutaraldehyde were investigated to make a covalent binding between the iron oxide magnetic core and the immobilized enzyme. Immobilization using chitosan and glutaraldehyde show the best result. Finally the immobilization efficiency was tested by determination of protein concentration in a solution before and after mixing with the magnetic nanoparticles. Introduction In the last two decades, new terms with the prefix `nano’ have rushed into the scientific vocabulary; nanoparticle, nanostructure, nanotechnology, nanomaterial, nanocluster, nanochemistry, nanocolloids, nanoreactor and so on. Nanoparticles, are defined as particulate dispersions with a size in the range of 10-100nm (Gubin et al, 2005). Magnetic nanoparticles have gained a remarkable interest in the last years both for basic research and applied studies. The use of magnetic nanostructures has been proven in biochemistry, biomedicine, and waste treatment among other fields. This broad range of applications is based on the fact that magnetic particles have very large magnetic moments, which allow them to be transported and driven by external magnetic fields. The magnetic nanostructures have also a great potential in biotechnological processes taking into account that they can be utilized as a carrier for enzymes during different biocatalytic transformations (Dussà ¡n et al, 2007 ). Different types of biomolecules such as proteins, enzymes, antibodies, and anticancer agents can be immobilized on these nanoparticles. Magnetic supports for immobilization purpose are either prepared by incorporating magnetic particles during the synthesis of the supporting polymer or magnetic particles itself be coated with common support materials such as dextran or agarose. Recently, a new method for the direct binding of proteins on magnetic nanoparticles via carbodiimide activation was proposed (Ren et al, 2011). Immobilization is one of the efficient methods to improve enzyme stability. There are various methods for immobilization of enzymes on many different types of supports. It can be a chemical method in which ionic or covalent bond formations occur between the enzyme and the carrier, or it can be a physical method, such as adsorption or entrapment of the enzyme in or on a solid support material. Magnetic nanoparticles as immobilization materials have advantage based on its property and size that make it desirable for using it in various applications (Mateo et al, 2007). Iron oxide nanoparticles, Fe3O4, are one of the widely used types of magnetic nanoparticles and have great potential for applications in biology and medicine due to their strong magnetic properties and low toxicity (Jalal et al, 2011) Review of literature I) Magnetic nanoparticles: The historical development of nanoparticles starting with Paul Ehrlich and then first attempts by Ursula Scheffel and colleagues and the extensive work by the group of Professor Peter Speiser at the ETH Zà ¼rich in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Jà ¶rg Kreuter 2007). They are solid particles with a size from 10 to 100nm which can be manipulated using magnetic field. Such particles commonly consist of magnetic elements such as iron, nickel and cobalt. They have been used in catalysis, biomedicine, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, data storage , environmental remediation and optical filters (Gubin et al, 2005). Magnetic nanoparticles as immobilization materials have the following advantages: simple and inexpensive production, can be released in controlled manner, stable magnetic properties of complexed nanoparticles and easy isolation steps in short time. Among these materials, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles are the most commonly studied. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles have good biocompatibility, strong superparamagnetism, low toxicity, and an easy preparation process, and their use in biosensors has already shown attractive prospects (Sheng-Fu Wang and Yu-Mei Tan, 2007). II) Magnetic core material: There are many magnetic materials available with a wide range of magnetic properties. such as cobalt, chromium and iron oxide-based materials such as magnetite and maghemite. The suitable magnetic materials depend on applications the MNP will apply in (Dobson et al, 2007). Magnetite Fe3O4: Magnetite is a common mineral which exhibits ferro (ferri) magnetic properties. The structure of magnetite belongs to the spinel group, which has a formula of AB2O4. Its ferromagnetic structures arise from alternating lattices of Fe(II) and Fe(III). This gives it a very strong magnetization compared to naturally occurring antiferromagnetic compounds such as the ferrihydrite core of the ferritin protein (McBain et al, 2008). III) Synthesis of iron Magnetic nanoparticles: There were many synthesis methods for magnetic nanoparticles one of these is Co-precipitation. This method may be the most promising one because of its simplicity and productivity (zhao et al., 2008). It is widely used for biomedical applications because of ease of implementation and need for less hazardous materials and procedures. Co-precipitation is specifically the precipitation of an unbound â€Å"antigen along with an antigen-antibody complex† in terms of medicine (Indira and Lakshmi, 2010).The reaction principle is simply as: Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 8OH– ⇔ Fe (OH)2 + 2Fe(OH)3 → Fe3O4 + 4H2O (Guo et al., 2009). Other method used for synthesis like: Thermolysis of metal-containing compounds, synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles at a gas-liquid interface, synthesis in reverse micelles and sol-gel method (Gubin et al, 2005). IV) Characterization of MNP: There is no unique method for determination of the nanoparticle composition and dimensions; as a rule, a set of methods including X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscope and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) Spectroscopy are used (Gubin et al, 2005). X-Ray diffraction analysis of nanomaterial seldom produces diffraction patterns with a set of narrow reflections adequate for identification of the composition of the particles they contain. Some X-ray diffraction patterns exhibit only two or three broadened peaks of the whole set of reflections typical of the given phase (Moroz 2011). In the case of larger particles (provided that high-quality X-ray diffraction patterns can be obtained), it is often possible not only to determine the phase composition but also to estimate, based on the reflection width, the size of coherent X-ray scattering areas, corresponding to the average crystallite (nanoparticle) size. This is usually done by the Scherer formula (Gubin et al, 2005). The nanoparticle dimensions are determined most often using Transmission electron microscope, which directly shows the presence of nanoparticles in the material under examination and their arrangement relative to one another. The phase composition of nanoparticles can be derived from electron diffraction patterns recorded for the same sample during the investigation. Note that in some cases, TEM investigations of dynamic processes are also possible. For example, the development of dislocations and disclinations in the nanocrystalline during the mechanochemical treatment has been observed (Woehrle et al, 2000). More comprehensive information is provided by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, which allows one to study the structure of both the core and the shell of a nanoparticle with atomic resolution, and in some cases, even to determine their stoichiometric composition (Woehrle et al, 2000). The structures of non-crystalline samples are often studied by EXAFS spectroscopy. An important advantage of these methods is its selectivity, because it provides the radial distribution (RDA) curve for the atoms of the local environment of the chosen chemical element in the sample. The interatomic distances (R) and coordination numbers (N) obtained by EXAFS are then compared with the known values for the particular phase (Gubin et al, 2005). Other methods are used more rarely to study the nanoparticle structures. Integrated research makes it possible to determine rather reliably the structures of simple nanoparticles; however, determination of the structures of nanoparticles composed of a core and a shell of different compositions are often faced with difficulties (Gubin et al, 2005). V) Stabilization of Magnetic Nanoparticles: Although there have been many significant developments in the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, maintaining the stability of these particles for a long time without agglomeration or precipitation is an important issue. Stability is a crucial requirement for almost any application of magnetic nanoparticles. Especially pure metals, such as Fe, Co, and Ni and their metal alloys, are very sensitive to air. Thus, the main difficulty for the use of pure metals or alloys arises from their instability towards oxidation in air, and the susceptibility towards oxidation becomes higher the smaller the particles are (Lu et al, 2007). Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient strategies to improve the chemical stability of magnetic nanoparticles: Surface Passivation by Mild Oxidation: A very simple approach to protect the magnetic particles is to induce a controlled oxidation of a pure metal core, a technique long known for the passivation of air-sensitive supported catalysts. This oxidation can be achieved by various methods (Peng et al, 1999). For example, Peng et al. developed a method for oxidizing gas-phase nanoparticles by using a plasma-gas-condensation-type cluster deposition apparatus. Demonstrated that very good control over the chemical state of the cobalt nanoparticles was achieved by their exposure to an oxygen plasma. The control of the oxide layer has a tremendous impact on exchange-biased systems, where a well-defined thickness of the ferromagnetic core and the anti-ferromagnetic shell are desirable. Moreover, a direct correlation of the structure and magnetism in the small particles can be determined. developed a mild oxidation method, using synthetic air to smoothly oxidize the as-synthesized cobalt nanoparticles to form a stable outer layer which can stabilize the nanoparticles against further oxidation (Peng et al, 1999). Other methods: Matrix-Dispersed Magnetic Nanoparticles, Carbon Coating, Silica Coating , Precious-Metal Coating and Surfactant and Polymer Coating Typical strategies for immobilizing catalysis enzyme onto MNPs rely on surface grafting via low molecular weight linkers or polymers containing amino or epoxy functional groups to which enzyme are reacted via covalent conjugation methods (Ren et al, 2011). Due to their high specific surface area and easy separation from the reaction medium by the use of a magnetic field, they have been employed in enzymatic catalysis applications ex amylase EC 3.2.1 (Ren et al, 2011). The maximum reported loading capacity of amylase is approximately 81.97 mg/g (AktaÅŸ et al, 2011). One drawback of existing immobilization technologies is that the activity of enzyme decreases significantly upon immobilization due possibly to changes in enzyme secondary structure, or limited access of substrate to the active site of the surface bound enzyme (Lei et al, 2009). Thus, despite numerous reported approaches for immobilization of catalysis enzyme on magnetic nanoparticles, there is still the need for simple, cost-effective and high loading capacity methods. Aim of work Is to Synthesis of iron magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) then immobilize amylase on MNP and test the efficiency of immobilization method then study the activity of immobilized amylase.

Act One of Bruce Norriss Play Clybourne Park

Act One of Bruce Norris's Play Clybourne Park The play Clybourne Park by Bruce Norris is set in a modest three-bedroom bungalow in central Chicago. Clybourne Park is a fictional neighborhood, first mentioned in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun.   At the end of A Raisin in the Sun, a white man named Mr. Lindner tries to convince  a black couple not to move into Clybourne Park. He even offers them a substantial sum to purchase back the new home so that the white, working-class community can maintain its status quo. It isnt mandatory to know the story of A Raisin in the Sun to appreciate Clybourne Park, but it certainly enriches the experience. You can read a detailed, scene by scene summary of A Raisin in the Sun to enhance your comprehension of this play. Setting the Stage Act One of Clybourne Park takes place in 1959, in the home of Bev and Russ, a middle-aged couple who are preparing to move to a new neighborhood. They bicker (sometimes playfully, sometimes with underlying hostility) about various national capitals and the  origin of Neapolitan ice cream. Tensions mount when Jim, the local minister, stops by for a chat. Jim hopes for a chance to discuss Russ feelings. We learn that their adult son committed suicide after returning from the Korean War. Other people arrive, including Albert (husband of Francine, Bevs maid) and Karl and Betsy Lindner. Albert arrives to take his wife home, but the couple becomes involved in the conversation and the packing process, despite Francines attempts to leave. During the conversation, Karl drops the bombshell: the family that plans to move into Bev and Russ home is colored. Karl Doesnt Want Change Karl tries to convince the others that the arrival of a black family will negatively affect the neighborhood. He claims that housing prices will go down, neighbors will move away, and non-white, lower-income families will move in. He even tries to obtain the approval and understanding of Albert and Francine, asking them if they would want to live in a neighborhood like Clybourne Park. (They decline to comment  and do their best to stay out of the conversation.) Bev, on the other hand, believes that the new family could be wonderful people, no matter the color of their skin. Karl is the most overtly racist character in the play. He makes several outrageous statements, and yet in his mind, he is presenting logical arguments. For example, while trying to illustrate a point about racial preferences, he recounts his observations on a ski vacation: KARL: I can tell you, in all the time Ive been there, I have not once seen a colored family on those slopes. Now, what accounts for that? Certainly not any deficit in ability, so what I have to conclude is that for some reason, there is just something about the pastime of skiing that doesnt appeal to the Negro community. And feel free to prove me wrong†¦ But youll have to show me where to find the skiing Negroes. Despite such small-minded sentiments, Karl believes himself to be progressive. After all, he supports the Jewish-owned grocery store in the neighborhood. Not to mention, his wife, Betsy, is deaf - and yet despite her differences, and despite the opinions of others, he married her. Unfortunately, his core motivation is economic. He believes that when non-white families move into an all-white neighborhood, the financial value decreases, and investments are ruined. Russ Gets Mad As Act One continues, tempers boil. Russ doesnt care who is moving into the house. He is extremely disappointed and angry at his community. After being discharged because of disgraceful conduct (it is implied that he killed civilians during the Korean War), Russ son could not find work. The neighborhood shunned him. Russ and Bev received no sympathy or compassion from the community. They felt abandoned by their neighbors. And so, Russ turns his back on Karl and the others. After Russ caustic monologue in which he claims I dont care if a hundred Ubangi tribesman with a bone through the nose overrun this goddamn place (Norris 92), Jim the minister responds by saying Maybe we should bow our heads for a second (Norris 92). Russ snaps and wants to punch Jim in the face. To calm things down, Albert places his hand on Russ shoulder. Russ whirls toward Albert and says: Putting your hands on me? No sir. Not in my house you dont (Norris 93). Before this moment, Russ seems apathetic about the issue of race. In the scene mentioned above, however, it seems Russ reveals his prejudice. Is he so upset because someone is touching his shoulder? Or is he outraged that a black man has dared to put hands on Russ, a white man? Bev Is Sad Act One ends after everyone (except Bev and Russ) leaves the house, all with various feelings of disappointment. Bev tries to give away a chafing dish to Albert and Francine, but Albert firmly yet politely explains, Maam, we dont want your things. Please. We got our own things. Once Bev and Russ are alone, their conversation feebly returns to small talk. Now that her son is dead and she will be leaving behind her old neighborhood, Bev wonders what she will do with all of the empty time. Russ suggests that she fill the time up with projects. The lights go down, and Act One reaches its somber conclusion.

Communication in the Courtroom Essays

Communication in the Courtroom Essays Communication in the Courtroom Essay Communication in the Courtroom Essay This paper will discuss communication techniques largely used by the attorneys. After all, who are best actors? When does communication start? The communication process begins when potential Jurors are summoned by written communication through the united states Postal system to attend court for jury selection. Each Juror is directed to the appropriate courtroom through verbal communication by court officers. Once inside the courtroom, the court clerk verbally calls out each Jurors name to complete attendance. Jurors raise their hands to acknowledge their presence. A written questionnaire Is distributed to each Juror to omelet while simultaneously viewing a video covering the history of jury duty. Judges Introduction The Judge verbally Introduces himself. As a form of Introduction, the Judge then visually and verbally directs the Jurors attention towards the court clerk. The stenographer, the court officers, and the attorneys representing the plaintiff and defendant. After introducing key players in the courtroom, the Judge gives a brief overview of how Jury duty has been conducted throughout history. Rules and procedures of the court are verbally reviewed and presented to all Jurors by the Judge. This communication process informs the jurors what to expect and allows them to feel comfortable and at ease. Jury Selection (Over Dire) The second process off court trial proceeding is Jury selection. Jury selection is also referred to as vote dire. An attorneys goal during the vole dire process is to get to know the Jury, their experiences, and any blabs or prejudices which may Influence their responsibility as jurors to reach a verdict. The attorneys other goal during this process Is to educate Ana persuade ten Jury regarding ten Tact AT ten case. Ho goals to be accomplished, appropriate and effective communication skills between he attorney and Jurors are important. Questions presented by the attorney to the Jurors include, but are not limited to: age, marital status, employment history, hobbies, volunteer activities, religious beliefs, and education. The attorney must present these questions to the Jury with thoughtful and planned verbal communication. Blackman Brinkman, 2010) While asking these questions, words such as prejudice, bias and stereotype should be avoided. Instead, focus on more neutral words like discomfort. (Blackman Brinkman, 2010) This period of questioning, during the over dire process, is an important stage of communication between the attorney and the Jurors. Gender and race related prejudices are unacceptable to society; Jurors will not openly admit their prejudices. The prosecutor and defe nse attorney must consciously select words which will offer Jurors an opportunity to share their concerns. Carefully chosen words are demonstrated in the following expert. (Blackman Brinkman, 2010) My client is an African American man. Sometimes people have strong feelings about certain groups of people that can get in the way of rendering a fair and impartial verdict. Or, some people may feel uncomfortable about a case in which an African American man is accused of attacking a white woman. Or, there may be other aspects of this case having nothing to do with my clients race or gender that make you feel uncomfortable and that we have not already discussed. If you have any such discomfort for any reason, please raise your hand. (Blackman Brinkman, 2010) Opening Statement Each attorneys opening statement is, again, an important part of communication with the Jury. In light of initial impressions, several members of the Jury interpret all of the evidence presented and form strong opinions after the statements. During this stage of communication, the attorneys exhibit both verbal and non- verbal communication skills to begin persuading the Jury in their favor. The opening statement will include not only the facts of the case, but emphasis on particular words and catch phrases to capture the Jury attention and sympathy toward each attorneys case. While the verbal language describes emotion and rationale, non verbal language is subjective, exhibited both consciously and unconsciously, and expresses emotion. Physical appearances, tone, gestures, facial expressions, and distance are all non rebel sources of communication which can modify or contradict the verbal message. Natural kinesics conveys an emotion before weve expressed it in word. (Morgan, 2008) An attorney will pay close attention to each of the Jurors body movements and facial expressions to ensure his communication is understood and holding the attention of all Jurors. Another commonly used non verbal communication an attorney uses to keep the Jury attentive is Proteomics. (Withal, 2006) Proteomics refers to the distance or space between speakers. The planned distance enhances the attorneys ability to generate Jury participation in his clients cause. He must be able to sell his client to the Jury. (Withal,2006) The attorney may physically move the podium to visually block the Jury view of the prosecutor, while simultaneously manipulating the space to provide a better visual of the defendant. Moving the pool closer to ten Jury Dog wall also project ten attorneys assonance Ana tone while he communicates his opening statement. This non-verbal communication modifies the attorneys words while provoking sympathy towards the defendant. An opening statement commonly used to gain a Jury sympathy and persuade the jurys first impression of the case, is a story telling technique. An attorney may verbally tell a story using time, personal names, and descriptive adjectives. The following expert is an example of this technique of communication: Prosecutor: This is a case of being in wrong place at the wrong time. Maria Zen left her house at 7:00 a. M. To drive to the supermarket. She put on her seat belt and drove west on Third Avenue. As she passed Little Peoples Day Care on her right, she slowed down. She was watching the road in front and the circle of children in the schoolyard on her right, when she heard a sudden screeching of tires and was smashed into by the pendant coming rapidly out of a side street on her left. At the end of the prosecutors opening statement, he will forewarn the Jury of the tactics opposing counsel will employ to counter-persuade the facts presented. The prosecutor will advise the Jury defense counsel will likely use specific arguments to persuade them to arriving at the scenario of the defendant. By verbally communicating to the Jury what to expect from defendants counsel, the prosecutor forms a trust with the Jury. At this time, several Jurors formulate opinions as to the guilt of the defendant. Defendants attorney will have to work twice as hard on his opening statement to persuade the Jury the prosecutor has Just manipulated their minds. Witnesses The goal of both attorneys is to interview witnesses to secure information on behalf of their clients, persuade the witnesses to answer questions to the advantage of their case, and to establish credibility of the witness. (Grub Homey, 2003) For an effective interview process, both attorneys must prepare, maintain control, listen, be alert, be patient and most of all be a good actor. (p. 140) Preparation includes pre-trial interviews with attorneys witnesses and review of case. In the courtroom, the prosecutor will verbally question the witness regarding the facts of the case. His tone and volume of his voice should be audible to the Judge, the witness and the jury. The questions the prosecutor presents to the witness should be asked in a chronological order for the Jury to absorb. Long winded verbal statements will derail the Jury understanding of the facts. The Jury will focus on the witnesss appearance, body language and speech. A witness, such as a security guard, should present himself in a clean, crisp professional uniform as well as a clean shaven appearance. While answering questions his body should not slouch but instead be upright and attentive, hands on lap, with eyes focused on the attorney or Jury. Several Jurors will see the witness as a professional incapable of giving misleading information due to rank or social standing. The prosecutor must prove the defendants guilt through burden of evidence. In order to prove the guilt of the defendant, the prosecutor must present evidence beyond the reasonable doubt. Written communications such as affidavits, medical records and other legal documents are presented to the court to support verbal facts given by the attorney. Verbal testimony is given by witnesses to the prosecutor and witnesses to the defense attorney. The prosecutor must verbally interview his wellness to gather cements Tact to support Nils case. He must teen Walt Tort Nils opportunity to cross examine the defense witness in order to persuade the testimony to support his case and discredit the testimony. Effective use of tone, body language and clear and accurate statements will provide him with the effective tools to persuade. The defense attorney does not have to prove the innocence of the defendant. The defendant can choose not to testify. It is the responsibility of the offense attorney to persuade the Jury the testimony provided by the prosecutors witnesses and written documentation provided by the prosecutor is not sufficient evidence to prove defendants guilt beyond reasonable doubt. Defendants attorney will use persuasive language, eye contact with the Jury and will, again, use techniques to gain the sympathy of the Jury towards the defendant. Closing Statement The prosecutor will verbally communicate to the Jury the evidence presented to the court. He will remind the Jury of the credibility of his witnesses as well as point out written documentation to support his case. The burden of responsibility will be laid at the feet of Jury by the prosecutor. He will tell the Jury it is their civil and judicial responsibility to see through the smoke screen presented by the defense. The prosecutor will not have another opportunity to speak with the Jury or refute the defense attorneys closing statement and will verbally communicate this message to the Jury in hopes the Jury will close their minds to the defense attorneys closing statement. The defense attorney will verbally tear apart the evidence presented to the Jury by the prosecutor. He will try to discredit the testimony given by the prosecutors attorney as well as demonstrate the written documentation is not sufficient to prove the defendants guilt. Eye contact by the defense attorney is shared equally with the jury and the defendant to solidify the tactic of sympathy. Just as the prosecutor laid the burden of responsibility at the Jury feet, so does the defense attorney. Such phrases as let the little guy be the on top this time, show the prosecutor he hasnt pulled the wool over your eyes, do what you feel is right, and the prosecution Just hasnt done his Job of establishing proof beyond the reasonable doubt are all persuasive tactics used in verbal communication. Deliberations The Judge will verbally go over the rules and procedures the Jury should follow during deliberations. He will recite the charges in the case and remind the Jury there must be sufficient evidence to prove the defendants guilt beyond the reasonable doubt. The Judge will then appoint a Jury chairman who will be responsible for organizing the deliberations, acting as liaison between the court and the Jury, and reading the final verdict of the Jury. The leaders and the followers are quickly labeled inside the Jury deliberation room. The leaders will all begin by verbally communicating the facts presented. The followers will listen, agreeing with opinions of the leaders. In order to arrive at a verdict, the Jury reviews photographs, written documentation and verbal testimony. In most cases, as previously stated, there will be several Jurors who have made their decision of guilt or innocence based on either the opening statements or the closing statements. The crucial Job of picking through the evidence is left with a handful of jurors to decide a verdict. During alternations Jury memoirs oxen I D t Don vernal Ana non vernal Torts AT communication. Verbal communication is exhibited through the use of volume or one as well as persuasive statements towards either sides case. Non verbal communication is exhibited through body language. Some Jurors may Just sit in silence indicating the desire to be a follower and to decide with the majority of the jury. Other forms of non-verbal communication exhibited by the Jury are body movements such as standing while presenting opinions, and slamming of fist on a conference table to show dance towards their point of view. In the end, the Jury comes to a verdict and proceeds back into the courtroom. Verdict At the end of deliberations, the Jury takes a vote by show of hands or paper ballot. The Jury then notifies the court officer they have come too verdict. The court officer escorts the Jury back into the court room to relay the verdict. The Judge will verbally recite each charge one at a time. The Jury chairman will either say guilty or not guilty. The Judge will then render the final verdict by verbally communicating each charge with each of the verdicts to follow. After the verdict is read, counsel will again communicate with the Jury through non verbal body language such as rolling of eyes in displeasure of the verdict or a positive nod of the head in agreement of the redirect. Finally, the Judge verbally thanks the Jury for conducting their civil and judicial duty in his courtroom. Conclusion Several types of communication skills are exhibited in the courtroom during a court trial proceeding. Verbal communication is demonstrated through tone, volume, emphasis on words or phrases and through persuasive language skills. Non-verbal communication is exhibited through the use of kinesics and proteomics both enhancing the each attorneys verbal communication. Although testimony of witnesses and exhibits are all forms of communication, the most crucial ammunitions between the attorneys and the Jury are during over dire, the opening statements, and closing statements.

Research paper on rwanda Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On rwanda - Research Paper Example The earliest ‘residents’ are thought to be a group of Pygmy hunters and gatherers, labeled the Twa. After the Twa settled, it is believed that the Hutus, agriculturists, and the Tutsis also settled in. By the 15th century, evidence shows that the Hutu and Tutsi, both of the Bantu tribe, had organized themselves into states (Melvern, 2006), and thus the Rwandan civilization came into being. One of these states, the Rwabuguri, was the most powerful and maintained control until well into the 19th century. It expanded both geographically and demographically, spreading agricultural techniques and political control. While the military was never a strong means of achieving control, it was used at times against other well-developed states such as Gisaka and Burundi. Soon, economic disparity between the Hutus and the Tutsis became apparent leading to divisions. The Tutsi population emerged with a Mwami (king), who the Rwandans were made to pay tribute to and who controlled much o f the Rwandan land (Melvern, 2006). Moreover, the Tutsis were given many of the important positions in the government. Despite the disparity in control and power, Rwanda did not see any ethnic strife in its pre-colonial administration. It was only when it became a colonial administration that relations between these two tribes, the Hutus and the Tutsis became contentious (Melvern, 2006). Colonial History Early 20th century saw Germany and Belgian colonialism in Rwanda (Cooper, 2002). Unfortunately, this was also an epoch where Germany, like much of Europe, had become fixated on racial differences and soon, they seemed to be favoring the Tutsis against the Hutus since the former were more European in appearance and more inclined to take on the Catholic faith. Therefore, the Tutsis were elevated to higher statuses in the administration and Hutus were routinely oppressed. Soon, many Rwandans started resenting Belgian occupation and formed secret organizations to throw out the Belgians and gain liberation. They resisted reforms by the Belgian administration and in the second half of the 20th century, Pan-Africanism culture spread through Africa and demands of anti-colonialism were made. The final straw came when, in 1962, the last Mwami died and it was believed to have been killed by Belgians. In anger, the Hutus drove out the Belgians soon, the Hutu Emancipation Movement gained power and drove out the Tutsis and killed many of them in revenge for the oppression they had been dealt with (Mamdani, 2002). Post-Independence History to Present The Tutsi refugees started their own party, the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) and in 1990, the RPF invaded and forced the president to sign a treaty that stated that Hutus and Tutsis would share power (Broch-Due, 2005). After a mass genocide in which 800,000 Tutsis were killed and one-tenth of the population was wiped out (Cohen, 2007) relative peace was seen in Rwanda. The RPF invaded the country and put in place a government with representation from both Hutu and Tutsi fronts. The President was Hutu, and the Vice-President was a Tutsi. Moreover, over 900,000 people had fled Rwanda to

In which ways has globalization affected China Essay

In which ways has globalization affected China - Essay Example Scholars believe that it is necessary for these changes to be absorbed but with so much caution. Of late, globalization has become a global issue that involves the transformation of the society in several dimensions. China has undergone massive transformation politically, economically and technically. Political globalization involves the use of common political systems and same political principles in governing1. These factors affect the whole globe and have affected migration, flow of capital, foreign investments, and spread of technological advances. From the understanding that globalization has its roots in China, this paper gives a detailed analysis on the positive impact it has had to the country. Effects of globalization Globalization is a necessary factor in every economy. Technological globalization in china has led to expanded market for its national products. The creation of markets all over the globe earns the country foreign exchange and this helps in developing a country ’s welfare. Technological globalization has effected easy, fast and reliable means of communication to individuals allover the globe. Information can reach many individuals in less time and can cover large geographical areas2. It is due to technological globalization that china has been able to invest in manufacturing industry. This has acted as a major factor in contributing growth in the Japan economy. Exportation of manufactured goods like machineries and vehicles generates much capital to an economy compared to exportation of primary good such as food materials and fabrics. Cultural globalization in china has enhanced the spread of different cultures allover the world, and this has bought solidarity despite different skin colour, races, and languages. The togetherness helps reduce on cases of wars and therefore, people can be able to join efforts for development of the whole globe. Globalization has dissolved national geographical boundaries and enhanced communication ser vices for people despite the distance barriers. China has offered jobs to many people allover the world, and this has ensured that there is peaceful co-existence and decline in dependency level. Poverty can contribute to conflicts, and jobs in china give people the ability to cater for their primary needs. It has therefore helped China deal with its greatest challenge on unemployment that has significantly spurred growth of the economy. Globalization has led to improvement in the output of other sectors within the economy. It has improved agricultural production through adaptation of new farming methods. These new methods are more effective and reliable as compared to the traditional methods. China has also improved the quality of their products by use of hybrid varieties that can withstand many environmental challenges like drought. This has made it possible to deal with hunger calamities and therefore, curbing the number of deaths due to hunger3. A healthy nation is also able to p roduce more and labour becomes easy to acquire. For any society to develop, the citizens collaborate with the government for back up in financing and security issues. Increase in agricultural output has led to exportation of the excess quantities to other states in the globe hence giving china a share in the world trade. National income is likely to rise after exporting its products due to the use of new farming methods that come along with globalization. The new seeds and the new farming techniques spread globally to ensure that the food crisis can be dealt with. This reduces the world’s mortality4. Development of new towns in china is as an effect of globalization. These towns develop to serve as a base for new industries, increased commercial activities and to